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ANNOUNCEMENTS AND GM COMMENTS

Welcome to Lords of the Earth, Campaign 31! This is a game of empire building set in an historical setting. You will have the chance to control the rise and fall of empires through political, economic, military, espionage, and religious activities. Since this is an open-ended game, covering a span of centuries, you will have the opportunity to do pretty much anything you can imagine.

If you want to submit material for the Newsfax, either as the "Mouthings of the Emperor" or as background material to help me write things up, by all means do so. However, I reserve the right to make necessary changes.

That brings us to the status and execution of NPN's and positions that fail to turn in orders. I will use my "best" judgment in these circumstances; if the players near this position are actively participating, then the NPN will be very passive, concentrating on PWB and investments. If the nearby players are not very active then the NPN will move out and try to DP the adjacent regions.

• Exploration is a major activity for nations during the period of this campaign. I have been far to easy with exploration results; therefore everyone who has moved beyond Western Europe map must demonstrate the time and resources to have explored what they now own before I will let them move any further. Those in Asia know the sea zones around their country up to one trade conduit away, either 3 or 4 sea zones). Movement or trades further away that the one conduit would have to be explored. Existing routes will still exist but you must expend the effort (and resources) to explore any routes that are beyond the one conduit limit.
• Furthermore, any exploration down one-way arrows must have enough resources to make it back via a "legal" route. In other words, if you go down a one way arrow and stop your exploration due to attrition then you will not gain rutters for any part of the route because your explorers have not found a way back home. The expedition must complete the return trip for you to gain information from that expedition.
• Clarification: the current from the Azores to Western Europe is a two-way arrow; there will be additional current(s) (one way) added from the New World to the Azores to reflect C. Columbus' trip.
• Players, leaders can only attempt one intel op or bonus attempt per turn.

Good Luck to all!

- Dave Salter

RULES ERRATA AND REMINDERS

Colonization: Any region that is cultivated or has been cultivated and is less than 2 GPV can be increased in value up to 2 GPV for the cost of 15 GP and 15 NFP per GPV of increase. Any named island can be colonized to 1 GPV.

Mercs: Countries can hire out their troops as mercenaries as long as they provide a leader to go along with them.

Holy Roman Empire: National regions inside the Holy Roman Empire need not be contiguous in order to maintain control over them, though distance requirements are still in effect - no further than 1/2 their tech level in action points away from their border.

Mercantile Combines: A Mercantile Combine can trade with interior countries provided they have at least a BO in a city of the interior country and can reach a port city with at least a BO in it. The BO in the interior country can be no further than 1/2 their tech level in action points away from that port. In addition, that combine can conduct trade for the interior country by allocating MSP to that route, indicating a level of transportation assets committed to servicing that route. This conduit will count as one conduit for overseas trade.

A clarification to the rulebook: a combine can only handle one side of the trade between two nations. It is the responsibility of the combine to redistribute income from the routes his handles for his clients. The combine will redistribute trade income received in turn 2 during turn 3.

Religious Orders: New status codes will be applied to religious orders. They are similar to Primate control statuses except they will allow for a slight increase in the amount of NFP generated. Also, the Religious Primate and a Religious Order (of the same religion) can maintain a status level in the same region or city.

Contacting the Game Master

You can contact me at the following address:

Dave Salter
7338 Rolling Oak Lane
Springfield, VA 22153
Or call:

(703) 912-6076 [EST] (best time is 7-9 PM weekdays and after 6 PM on weekends.)

The best way to contact me is by email. I will answer mail as soon as I receive it.
My address is: salterdj@aol.com.

GENERAL THRONE ENTERPRISES INFORMATION AND PRICES

WORLDWIDE WEB HOME PAGE!

Throne Enterprises Home Page can be found at:
http://www.throneworld.com/lords/index.html

Click here to find out about other Lords of the Earth campaigns.

VARIOUS FEES AND LEVIES

Normal Turns: $5.00

MAPS

Will be available via the main web page only. Make sure you gain one of these maps for your area.

MAP CHANGES

I have made a few alterations to the maps. These changes reflect the changes, from my perspective, from the standard 1000AD start to 1400AD. Each turn's map will be updated and posted normally within a day of the Newsfax posting.

ORDERING THE RULEBOOK Lords of the Earth Campaign 31 uses the Middle Ages version 5.7 rulebook and the Renaissance Supplement version 2.1.1. You must order these rulebooks from Thomas Harlan.

Make out checks for these items to THOMAS HARLAN

Thomas Harlan
4858 East 2nd Street
Tucson, AZ 85711-1207

TROOP CONVERSIONS

Infantry (200 men = 1 point)
Cavalry (200 men and 200 horse = 1 point)
Siege Engineers (200 men = 1 point)
Warships (2 ships = 1 point)
Artillery (8 cannon and 200 men = 1 point)
Transports (2 ships = 1 point)

THE KINGDOM OF SCOTLAND
James I
DIPLOMACY: None
James, tiring of Papal intrigues, made the following proclamation:.

My dear subjects.

Alas it has come to this but ‘We’ see no other option. As of this day forward no representative or the Papacy in Rome will be allowed in any of the areas controlled by me. No tithe will be sent to Rome. Any of the clergy who feel as I do that this so called holy war is unjust and uncalled for are welcome to remain any who wish to side with the pope are asked to leave my domains in the next 6 months. This will be a hard time for all of us but we have had hard times before and always come through stronger than before, so turn to your local priest-the ones who have always been with us even when the pope in Rome has forgotten the meaning of Duty and Honor. We also call on any others who feel as we do to not answer the call of the phony holy war wage only so some Roman Catholic can profit from attack Roman Catholic Burgundy. Any of the clergy or other who feel as I do and need a safe heaven are welcome in Scotland. We will be setting up a church to see to the needs of our loyal subjects.

Thank You
James I King of Scotland
January 1st 1441

He then demobilized his navy, converting the sailors into infantry and had them march south under the command of his son, Robert. The Scots arrived in Edinburgh in May of 1441, with over 11,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry, to meet up with the Danes and English. (See England)
Renaissance tech 8.

THE KINGDOM OF ENGLAND
Henry VI
DIPLOMACY: None
As Henry VI cooled his heels in the Tower of London, John made plans to liberate his brother and restore English rule over Sussex and Wessex. After mustering new levies, the English moved north into Scotland to join with their trusted allies. John waited a month for the Danes to arrive and decided he would go with what he had (5,000 mixed troops to include 14 batteries of cannon). Moving south along the eastern coastline, John was anxiously watching the horizon for the arrival of the Danes or more Iberians. He approached Sussex in October of 1441 and set up camp for the winter. During the winter months, the Iberians constantly launched harassing raids toward the English encampment, which merely strengthened John's resolve to oust these characters from English soil.

By late March of 1442, the English had set up the cannon and began to duel with the Iberians along the newly constructed city walls. By mid-summer, John sensed the Iberians were losing the stomach for a long siege and he gave Robert the go ahead to attack the western gates with his Highlanders. The next morning, after a sharp barrage by the English guns, the Scots made their assault. They swept over the walls like an onrushing tidal surge. John saw the panicked Iberians flee the walls for some inner sanctum. The battle was won, but what of the King?

The Iberians released Henry, once they realized the wall were breached, and bargained for their return to Iberia. John was convinced that the lives of a few Iberians for a King were an outstanding deal. The Iberians, as part of the arrangement, also relinquished control over Wessex.
Renaissance tech 8.

THE DANISH EMPIRE
Margaret
DIPLOMACY: Faeroes (ea)
Queen Margaret focuses her attention on the upcoming war with Saxony while trying to militarily convert the Catholics of Pomern and Rostock. (See Brandenburg) She Orders Princess Heidi to bring the Faeroes closer to the crown and Prince Kris to take the fleet and help the siege of London - he will never make it. (See Aragon) The unfortunate thing is that the siege of London was over before he sailed to assist in its capture. Not only that, but with the Danish fleet scattered there was little to prevent the ravages of Iberian raiders along the Empire's coastal provinces; only the provinces close to the capitol were adequately protected. All was not bad news as additional information came to the Crown.
Renaissance tech 8.

THE FRENCH EMPIRE
Jean, Emperor of France
DIPLOMACY: Flanders (all - t)
The Emperor recalls Lysette from Flanders and assumes direct control over those provinces. He sends his son, Louis, to take command of the navy and prepare to respond to any attacks. This Louis did, until his untimely death at the hands of a rejected lover in September of 1443.

After intense negotiation with the Iberians, Jean allows them to send their crusaders through his country - but Jean has another purpose in mind. In the Spring of 1442, he makes the following proclamation, calls up all able bodied men, and sends Herbert and his grandson, Louis II, south with the bulk of the French army. He also turns a blind eye to the sack of Papal properties in Ile de France and Paris.

"It is time to stop the horrible atrocities that the Warmonger Pope has caused throughout Europe. We, France, nationalize our religion. All former religious possessions our now ours. Leo IV, the anti-pope is no longer our pontiff. It is time for those who have falsely used secular motives for spiritual gains to meet their end. We as a nation can only do what we believe is righteous and smite them from this Earth."

Herbert led the army south to the Pyrennes, crossing into Navarre in the Fall of 1442. His army consisted of 18,000 infantry, over 9,000 cavalry and a very large contingent of heavy artillery. (See Aragon)
Renaissance tech 8

THE DUCHY OF FLANDERS absorbed by France
Lysette, Duchess of Flanders, Protector of the House of Orange
DIPLOMACY: No effect
Duchess Lysette is recalled to Paris and is placed under Royal protection.
Renaissance tech 8

THE FRENCH PAPACY
Leo III
DIPLOMACY: Starts with Anjou (mn), Marshall (hc), Lyonnais (mn), Languedoc (ab), Narbonne (ch), Vermandois (mn), Flanders (mn), Gent (mn)
Leo is a loyal servant of the Emperor and a rival to the Pope in Rome. (Schism # 2)
Renaissance tech 8

THE AVIGNON PAPACY
Leo IV
DIPLOMACY: Switzerland (ch)
Leo gave passive amounts of gold to Austria and additional support to Switzerland. He was slightly injured when some Islamic fanatics managed to penetrate the Vatican. The Pope ordered a church established in Switzerland. The actions of the French Emperor and the King of Scotland would have to be dealt with later.
Renaissance tech 8.

THE SWISS CONFEDERATION
Karl Schweizer
DIPLOMACY: Burgundy (some effect)
Peter orders Niklaus on react in Austria, while he gathered new levies for the invasion of Bohemia. (See Serbia) Peter arrived in Austria as the victorious Catholics returned north from their thrashing of the Serbs. As he met with his peers to organize for the invasion of Bohemia, he suddenly clutched his chest and collapsed on the ground. Karl Schweizer immediately left Burgundy and made his way to Austria. (See Austria)

Edward sees the victory outside of Linz but he does not live to see his homeland again. His Second, Peter Ochs now heads the Confederation.
Renaissance tech 9.

THE DUCHY OF AUSTRIA
Regent for the Arch Duke of Austria
DIPLOMACY: None
With all of the Holy Roman Empire at war, Frederick still retains the title of Emperor, but the Electors must decide soon if they concur or select another Emperor. (See Serbia)

After the route of the Serbs, the Catholics returned to Austria to await the arrival of the Iberians and the North Germans. Reports came in steadily regarding the increasing Hussite strength in Bohemia. By Late Fall of 1442, the Catholics were in place and ready to move. Final plans were made that winter and the Catholics forces begin their approach movements in April of 1443. The Catholics had gathered a vast army of over 160,000 men comprised of over 50,000 cavalry, 60,000 infantry, 10,000 engineers and a huge artillery contingent. Facing them were extensive field works backed up by almost 40,000 cavalry, 26,000 infantry, 3,000 engineers and just 1/3 the artillery of the Catholics.

On May 17th, the main body of the Catholic forces in Austria advanced into the Bohemian plain southeast of Prague. The Hussites were arrayed in a frontage of over two miles. Both sides were evenly matched in leadership and quality of their respective troops. Catholic siege engineers offset the Hussite advantage in field fortifications. The Hussite advantages in defensive stance and elite troops were offset by Catholic advantages in cavalry, light troops and artillery.

The Catholics opened up with a massive artillery, trying to break the center of the Hussite line. Not seeing the results he expected, Frederick II ordered an infantry assault to follow-up the latest barrage. The centered was held by the well-disciplined Prussians, who refused to budge and held firm throughout the day. Wave after wave hit the Prussians and they would not yield. Polish heavy cavalry on a sortie from the Hussite right met the last assault, conducted by the Swiss. Frederick sent in the Templers to retrieve the situation. By nightfall, the two sides had fought to a draw; however, with news of the Saxons approaching from the north, the Hussites withdraw behind the walls of Prague. The Hussites had lost almost half their effective while the Catholics had suffered almost a third of their total force.

The Catholics invested the city, with a 2:1 advantage in combat power. The siege would last for over a year and cost tens of thousands of lives on both sides, including the lives of the ArchDuke of Austria and the Doge of Venice. As the siege moved in the fall of 1444, the Prussian Grand Master and the Polish Emperor made a decision to break out of the siege to spirit the Hussite Pope away from the city. On the night of the 23rd of September, they opened the northern gate and surprised the Saxon watch. Over 20,000, troops escaped the siege and fled to the east. Buda is now the Hussite spiritual center. In the aftermath of the capture of Prague, all Hussite religious sites were looted and destroyed.
Renaissance tech 9.

PRINCIPALITY OF PRAGUE
Hansen vom Stein
DIPLOMACY: Bohemia (p), Meissen (p)
Hansen establishes the Principality of Prague with the remainder of the crusaders. [This crusade's objectives have been met]
Renaissance tech 8.

GRAND DUCHY OF THE RHINE
Rupert IV
DIPLOMACY: Alsace (nt)
Rupert gathers his forces and collects the western Mercenary companies and heads for Berlin. Once there, he learned of the Hussite raid and the actions down in Slovenia. In March of 1443, Saxons and Bradenburger head south into Meissen, bypassing Magdeburg and Thuringia. (See Austria)
Renaissance tech 8.

HANSEATIC LEAGUE
Klaus Stortebecker
DIPLOMACY: Mannheim (ci), Freiburg (bo), Dijon (bo), Cairo (mf), Calais (ma), Aberdeen (ci), Nahor (ma), Barcelona (ci), Gerona (ci), Plama (mf)
The League reorganized its routes and expanded its holding along the Nile and in Iberia. The mercenary companies were hired out to Austria/Saxony for a very nice sum. There was some confusion on the merc warships. The Hansa built a vast fleet of heavy galleys to protect his merchant fleet. Many foreign military officers were seen in the Hansa training schools, including Portuguese, Ottomans, and Hussites.
Renaissance tech 89.

DUCHY OF BRANDENBURG
Frederick Wilhelm, Elector of Brandenburg
DIPLOMACY: None
The Elector Wilhelm orders a massive call up of all available men to through out the Hussite scourge. He tried to muster a reaction force to drive off the Poles as they raided his homeland but they arrived too late. Reports from his field agents did leave a slight smile on his face. The strain of the last decade finally caught up with him and he died in his sleep late in the winter of 1441. His brother briefly took over the reigns of power, but his time was also short. He died in the finally assault of Rostock, ending the last vestiges if Hussite control in Brandenburg. After his death, the Duchy fell to the young son of the Elector, Frederick Wilhelm would lead the Duchies forces of retribution into Hussite territory. (See Austria)
Renaissance tech 8.

DUCHY OF BOHEMIA
Stavot
DIPLOMACY: None
The Duke gathered his forces and new levies and prepared for the coming Catholic unslaught, preparing strong field fortification on likely enemy approaches. He was heartened by the trremendous support that he would receive from his allies. (See Austria)
Renaissance tech 8.

HUSSITES - Prague Papacy
Pope Sandor, Servant of the Lord
DIPLOMACY: None
Sandor sent Hoslav and the Hussite military to Bohemia to participate in the defense of Bohemia and Prague. He also order extensive field works prepared in the passes that protect Bohemia. (See Austria)
Renaissance tech 8.

THE KINGDOM OF HUNGARY
Sigmund, King of Hungary
DIPLOMACY: None
Sigmund quickly assembles his men after withdrawing to Slovakia. The plan was a good one and Hungary did not leave many men on the field of battle in Austria. Better to fight another day and today was the day. Of all things a Crusade has been called against the Papacy, which we attempt to establish here in the Eastern part of Europe. Spirits are relatively high and the men cross the mountains and enter Bohemia as quickly as possible setting up defensive works. He would show these dogs who dare attack the Mother Church itself what war was like. Behind mountains, with field fortifications and Siege engineers at his disposal plus the additional few troops Helmer brought from the capital on top of the many thousands brought from other Hussite nations. It would be a battle to change the face of Europe. (See Austria)
Renaissance tech 8.

THE KINGDOM OF CASTILE
Juan II
DIPLOMACY: none
Juan grants the leader of the forces in England the lands recently taken from the Hussite heretics, unfortunately, the grant would be short lived. Even the assistance of the respected mercenary captain, Jamison, was unable to stem the resurgent Anglo-Saxon forces. (See England) In other action, Juan puts his fleet on react but the call never came for them. The call to arms came from a completely unexpected direction; the French were coming! (See Aragon)
Renaissance tech 8.

THE KINGDOM OF ARAGON
Pedro V
DIPLOMACY: (some effect)
Pedro reinforces the Fleet and coordinates with Henry of Portugal to plan their actions. With Diego (of Portugal) in command, the combined Aragon / Portuguese fleet sails north, past London into the Baltic. Taunting the Danish to sortie against them, they didn't have long to wait. On 13 September 1442, the Danes left Rostock in route to London. They have almost 230 warships with a squadron of the Queens Own (heavy elite). Facing them off the coast of Zealand were the Iberians. The Danes outnumbered them almost 2:1 but all of the Iberian warships were of the heavy design with over 100 of the best in all of Europe (Portuguese).

The Prince Kris, who was a respected if not brilliant naval tactician, led the Danes, while the Portuguese admiral, Diego, who knew no peer in the Western World, on the other hand, led the Iberians. The superior seamanship of the Iberians was to prove decisive. In a vicious all day melee, the back of the Danes were shattered and individual ships fled to the relative safety of Aalborg. Only about half made it back to Danish soil, the rest being sent to the bottom or captured by the Portuguese.

While these events were taking place in the Baltic, the treacherous French were approaching Navarre, having allowed the crusaders safe passage through their realm. By late Fall 1442, the French had crossed into Navarre and camped for the winter. They avoided the small Portuguese forts in the region as both sides remained in garrison during a particularly harsh winter of 1442 - 1443. A brutal blow to French hopes was dealt that winter, as the vaunted French general. Herbert, succumb to the cough.

That left the young Prince Louis the II, soon to be Crown Prince, to lead the French invasion. Though the lad was charismatic and retained the loyalty of his staff and the entire army, he was headstrong and inexperienced. By the time he organized him contingent and started to move in to Aragon proper, the Iberians had responded in force, with some 10,000 cavalry and 8,000 infantry - supported by 20 batteries of cannon. Louis had accurate reports of the Iberian dispositions and outnumbered his adversaries 3:2, with a 2:1 advantage in cannon.

His inexperienced made itself apparent when he failed to garrison Navarre, leaving his army isolated from France. In addition, the Iberians were on very familiar territory, which gave them advantages that help offset French weight of numbers. With his numerical superiority, Louis envisioned himself Hannibal an attempted a double envelopment of the Iberian wings. At first, it looked like the French would roll up both flanks when a stray cannon ball fragmented just short of Louis, throwing him from his horse. A ripple of hesitation went through the French army, as Louis' banner could no longer be seen on the hill where he had been observing the battle. That hesitation stopped the French momentum and gave the Iberians a chance to recover. Though Louis would later recover from his wounds, the French, fearing the worse, had no stomach for more fighting against the stubborn Iberians.

By July, the French had withdrawn back to French soil and would continue north to Paris to deliver the still recovering Louis to his grandfather, the Emperor. Pedro sends Prince Alphonso to led the crusaders to fight under the Papal banner. (See Austria)
Renaissance tech 8.

THE KINGDOM OF PORTUGAL
Henry the Navigator
DIPLOMACY: Bilboa (f)
Henry also reinforces his navy and sends Diego north with Aragon to hunt for Danes. (See Aragon) He was concerned that the French betrayal had caught his allies in a bad situation, but fortune favored them as they dodged a very serious threat. Fortune did not favor Henry all together as he learned of the Coptic invasion of Faiyum. Closer to home, Elizabeth brought Bilboa back into the fold and in West Africa, Miguel died of jungle sickness after convincing the locals in Benin to convert to Roman Catholics. Crusaders are sent to Austria under the command of Vasquez. (See Austria)
Renaissance tech 9.

THE TEMPLARS, KNIGHTS OF CHRIST
Feterick, Grand Master
DIPLOMACY: op's throughout Iberia, Salamanca (oh)
Feterick expands the Order's reach and support base in Iberia and sends Uriel east to fight with his follow Iberians. (See Austria)
Renaissance tech 8.

THE DUCHY OF MILAN
Domenico
DIPLOMACY: None
The Duke sets his army in Austria on react, waiting for both reinforcements and the Iberians. Word then came of the Serb invasion of Slovenia. Looks as if there was to be an appetizer before the main course. (See Serbia) The reinforcements arrived just after the Serbian rout and the Iberians arrive in the summer of 1442. (See Austria) Dante was sent back to Savoy to work on the family line. Antonio, however, was seen searching diligently through the streets of Genoa. After giving a preliminary report, he continued his efforts; but his body was later found in a rubbish heap down a secluded, refuse laden back alley.
Renaissance tech 9.

THE REPUBLIC OF VENICE
Dante, Doge of Venice
DIPLOMACY: None
The Doge enlists every able bodied man for the coming war; the Serb invasion of Slovenia was not unexpected and the response was swift and sure. (See Serbia / Austria) In other news, Thrace's abortive assault in Morea was of concern, but with the war in Bohemia, there wasn't much he could do about it. (See Thracian Republic). The Republic grieves for the lost of the Doge; his son Dante is confirmed to take his place.
Renaissance tech 8.

THE KINGDOM OF NAPLES
Leonardo, Prince of Salerno
DIPLOMACY: None
Leonardo expanded the city of Naples and rebuilt its walls. Some artillery units were formed but the bulk of the effort of the kingdom was focused on building massive projects to help rural farmers and to clean up the streets of Lyssa. Work continues on the Naples to Rome royal road, though the Rome / Tiber port project has stalled.

The King prepared to defend Rome and central Italy from the turmoil sweeping over Europe, but once again, it passed them by. Leonardo was very pleased with the news of twin grandsons being born to his son, Enzo, in December 1443.
Renaissance tech 8.

THE REPUBLIC OF FLORENCE
Alessandro de' Medici, Protector of the Florentine Republic
DIPLOMACY: None
Alessandro prepared the dinner table for expected quests - but none showed. Nor was he terribly disappointed. Even the Roman Catholic Church seemed to turn a blind eye to his family's recent attempt on the life of the Pope. Here too, the storm of war passed by.
Renaissance tech 9.

GENOESE TRADE COMBINE
Ercole
DIPLOMACY: Nahar (ma), San Pietro (ma), Ahmadabad (ma), Somantha (ma), Kollam (ma), Rome (bo), Palermo (ma), Mahidia (mf), Tunisia (ma), Suoth European Mercs (brokered deal), Milan (mf), Luxor (bo), Murcia (ma), Cordoba (bo), Cairo (bo), Avignon (mf), Savoy (ma), Verona (ma). Venice (ma), Trieste (mf), Alfold (ma)
Ercole expands his influence throughout coastal India, the Med. and the Balkans. He transports the Mongols to Asia Minor and secures the Merc contract in Italy. After the Abyssinian capture of the Canal, the trade to the east was interrupted as the Canal silted up with disuse.
Renaissance tech 9.

THE EMPIRE OF POLAND AND LITHUANIA
Dobry, Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland
DIPLOMACY: Turov (t), Pechneg (f), Atelzuko (f)
Dobry musters his armies and prepares for the defense of Bohemia, Poland and Lithuania. He sends Bayruk into Lausatia to ravage the countryside - while celebrating the successful raid and avoiding contact with the responding Brandenburgers, he was attacked by several German assassins. He barely survived the attack, which foiled his plans for more adventures. (Austria) Dobry was generally pleased by reports from his various contacts throughout Europe.

Yet again, gold was sent to the Golden Horde amid successful efforts made to consolidate recent diplomatic gains. The famed Polish diplomat Golabki died of excessive celebration after these diplomatic coups. Dobry reestablished relations with the Count of Turov. In a strange event, there were reports of alarm from Livonia, which reported an abortive attack launched by over 15,000 troops from Novgorod. Apparently, before the attack could begin in earnest, the commanding general, Basil Golitsyn, died suddenly and the army withdrew back to Novgorod. Additional news arrived from the Dniepr, as reports of sophisticated warships ravaging the river's basin.
Renaissance tech 8.

DUCHY OF BOCHNIA (fa to Poland)
Vaclav, Duke of Bochnia, Vassal of Poland
DIPLOMACY: None
Vaclav honored his oath to his Liege and mustered his troops for the defense of Prague. (See Austria)
Renaissance tech 8.

THE EASTERN ORTHODOX PATRIARCHY
Nektarty, Patriarch of Kiev
DIPLOMACY: Heraclea (mn), Moscow (ca), Thrace (ch), Pechneg (ch), Ukraine (ab), Gregoriopolis (ch), Belgrade (ch), Thessaloniki (ch), Suzddal (ch), Muscovy (ch), Tver (ch), Rzhev, (ch), Kirivitch (ch)
Nektary builds up the Church in Balkans, Poland and Muscovy. Gold was also shipped to Thrace and public works were constructed in Kiev. He is, however, disappointed with the Novgorod position of banning religious sites in their territory.
Renaissance tech 8.

THE TEUTONIC KNIGHTS
Ernst von Hintz, Grand Master
DIPLOMACY: Pomerania (un)
Grandmaster von Hintz oversees construction of walls around Riga, and pulls his rump army back into it for defense. The Knights plan is to rally against the Crusade at Bohemia. Marshall von Mittelsbach pulls the Pomeranian garrison (which revolts immediately) and makes for Danzig, awaiting reinforcements led by Highmaster von Buber. Once all the forces had been gathered, the Knights head to Bohemia. (See Austria)
Renaissance tech 8.

THE REPUBLIC OF NOVGOROD
Pyotr
DIPLOMACY: Sviria (ea)
Pyotr gained an economic treaty with the citizens of Sviria while curious events were taking place on the Polish border.
Renaissance tech 8.

THE PRINCIPALITY OF MOSCOW
Ivan
DIPLOMACY: Rhzev (ea)
Ivan raised his son, Ivan the Good, to Crown Prince and continued to discuss a bond with the Principality of Rhzev. The army was strengthened and focused on the defense of Moscow.
Civilized tech 7.

THE KHANATE OF THE GOLDEN HORDE
Jamuka, Khakhan of the Golden Horde, Darighachi of Crimea, Gurkhan of the Kipchak, Beloved of Yahweh
STARTS WITH: None
"They are at our mercy, lord. We must strike now!" The Ilkhan of Kuban waved his partially eaten lamb shake as a mace, striking at the air with a vigor and flair befitting his height and biceps. A small piece of yogurt marinade had found it's way across the hunter's campfire and onto Jamuka's forehead.

This did little to endear the Khakhan to his son-in-law's argument.

"Yes, well, thank you." Jamuka said, "My point was, Taraghai, that a cessation of peace does not need to entail the beginning of war. Our men are gaining glory in Anatolia. I have no doubt that in the fullness of time the Pole will seek to strike East. When he does, we will be ready. And you can tell that to your German mistress!"

At that Taraghai's neck veins to cease their pulsing, and he returned to his place by the fire, eyes wide and face blanched. How does Jamuka learn these things? What made his stomach clench further was the thought that Miriam had heard this from her father. Perhaps an extended training mission with his guard was in order, followed by an inspection of the docks, and....

The Khakhan was saddened to learn of the death of his chief administrator, Zangi, and the death of his son's advisor, Arslan. Now, who would keep that whelp in line? The Khan of Levedia was killed in a duel for the prize horse of his clan. So distraught were the clans of Levedia that they withdrew their support to the Khakkhan.

Even worse news followed, with the arrival of the Tarkhan's detachment and his body. Though saddened; the Khakhan's chest swelled with pride upon hearing the tell of his son's death and the effort to recover his body-the death of a great warrior. There is no better way to leave this world.
Civilized - tech 7.

THE KINGDOM OF SERBIA
Lazarus I
DIPLOMACY: None
Lazarus finally declares what had been fact for some time - Serbia was now an independent nation, though still a firm part of the Hussite - Orthodox alliance. Lazarus, believing the Catholics would be heavily involved in their invasion of Bohemia, decided to give Venice another shot. Sending agents ahead of his army, he invaded Austrian Slovenia enroute to Verona - a location he would not reach. What he failed to consider was the possibility that the Catholics would wait for their Iberian allies before they invaded Bohemia.

As the Serbs completed the conquest of Slovenia, Lazarus received reports of a massive army approaching from Austria. He rushed off to the North, just barely reaching the passes just as over 70,000 men flowed through them. Outnumbered 5:1, the Serbs could not stem the tide. Their center shattered, and they were routed from the field. Fortunately for Lazarus, the Catholics did not pursue - having much larger game to hunt in Bohemia.
Renaissance tech 8.

THE THRACIAN REPUBLIC
Gregory, First of Thrace, Savior of the East
DIPLOMACY: None
Gregory ordered increased cultivation in Thrace and saw to the further conversion of the Bulgars. He sent Belisarius south to deal a blow against Venice and its holdings in Greece. Having gained access across Serbian territory, the army approached Morea, only to see the small garrison flee behind the walls of Monemvasia. The walls were too strong for an effective siege so the army retired back to Macedonia.
Renaissance tech 9.

THE OTTOMAN SULTANATE
Sulieman, Shield of Christ and Emperor of the Ottomans
DIPLOMACY: None
Sulieman reorganized his forces into heavy cavalry and supplemented them with heavy artillery. He sent some friends to visit Nabil in Psidia; their reports were very amusing. By March of 1442, all was ready. The Mongols had arrived and Mustaffa was sent south to recapture Isauria. (See Syria)
Renaissance tech 8.

THE KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHNS
Jean Bobpars de Lastie, Grand Master
DIPLOMACY: Genoa (op), Rome (op), Avignon (op), Burgundy (oo)
Jean prepared to make peace with the warring parties of Europe.
Renaissance tech 8.

THE SYRIAN EMIRATE
Abdul-Salaam
DIPLOMACY: Abadan (a), Fars (un), Banavasi (f)
Knowing he had a lion by the tail, Nabil reorganized his forces - converting many of his mobile troops into local strong points - and fortified the approaches to Psidia, Isauria and Aleppo. The defenses of Psidia were particularly strong and Nabil was confident of the outcome of the coming battle. But he would not live to see the results of his efforts as several Turks managed to slip pass the guards and kill the Emir in his tent. Abdul heard of this news and vowed revenge - a familiar story from this part of the world.

In April of 1442, the Turks tried to press through the passes between Psidia and Phyrgia with over 30,000 men, very strong in cavalry and artillery, plus 9,000 Mongols. Facing them were some 8,000 heavily defended troops supported by 2,000 cavalry, 10 siege artillery and 400 engineers, who had been preparing additional defenses for a year.

 The Turk heavy cavalry had to dismount to assault the fortified positions and though the fighting was fierce and costly - it seemed that the Turks were going to ground their way through the Syrian defenses. Just as the lead elements of the Mongols were breaking through the final line, the Syrians hit them with 2,000 heavy cavalry. In bitter hand-to-hand fighting, the Mongol Tarkhan (Zangi) was killed as he became isolated from his keshik. All of the keshik fell in a valiant effort to rescue their Tarkhan. The Mongols made one last push, but it was not to break through the Syrian defenses, but to recover the body of their Tarkhan. With the recovery complete, the Mongols ordered themselves and deliberately left the field of battle, returning home after a nine-year absence.

Many of the Turks took the Mongol departure as a retreat and with that their momentum stopped. Sulieman, sensing the change in the battle and learning of Rum's invasion to the north, decided upon an orderly withdrawal lest the battle turn into a route. He did not know that the Syrians were in a tough way with little hope to hold off the Turks much longer.
Civilized - tech 7.

EMIRATE OF RUM
Abdullah al-Hamir
DIPLOMACY: Georgia (f), Shirvan (f)
Abdullah, sensing a chance to get even with their old adversaries, signed a defensive pact with Syria. When the Ottomans begin their counter-offensive in the Spring of 1442, he sent his loyal general Jalil west with over 7,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry. While the battle for Psidia raged to the south, Jalil swept into Pontus, Galatia and Paphlagonia, pacifying all three regions. Tariq was sent to Georgia and Shirvan and convinced those worthies to become full members of the Emir's royal house.
Civilized tech 7.

THE SAFAVID SULTANATE
Haidar
DIPLOMACY: Trans-oxania (t), Khurasan (t), Khiva (f)
Haidar consolidated his army and sent Prince Imran north with General Mustafa and the Gurgan ally. The Prince had study the previous campaign intently, feeling confident that he saw what had gone wrong. Only time would tell. (See Cheibanids)
Civilized 6.

THE CHEIBANID KHANATE NNN
Toghrul
DIPLOMACY: None
Toghrul continues his efforts to improve the lot of his nation. His scouts brought news of the Persian advance - he was going to have to do something about those fools. Toghrul gathered his troops, some 12,000 cavalry, and led them to the same field of the previous Persian debacle. Facing him were 25,000 Persians, including 18,000 cavalry. Well, he had faced much worse odds before and against the soft Persians this would not be much of a contest.

In that, he was right. This was not the same army that had been so easily handled a mere seven years ago. And the youngster talking to Mustafa actually seemed to know what he was about. Holding their infantry in the center, the Persians fainted with their inexperienced units on the left while the heavy cavalry crashed into the Mongol left. The Persians seemed to have learned their lessons well. The Mongol flank shattered and survivors tried to make it back to Perm. The army was routed and now all that was left was to claim the spoils of war. Otrar and the cities of Perm and Aral'sk were pacified while Kirgiz, Ob, Kama Bulgar, Ufa and Turgay were cowed into paying tribute to their new masters.
Nomadic tech 6.

THE SULTANATE OF GUJERAT
Mahmud Shah
DIPLOMACY: None
The Sultan gives proclamation that he has been unable to sleep since the conquest of Delhi. While he was deeply troubled and war upon fellow Moslems is wrong, he praises the valor of Gujerats troops and the generalship of the prince. The Sultan has meditated deeply and the true path he must fellow is clear to him now. He now formally recognizes the spiritual authority of the Khalif. Saying the matter of Delhi has been put into Allah’s hands through the Khalifate. Rashid al-Azim, the Khalif's representative, accepted the regions of Tarain, Uttar Pradesh and Chitor for the Khalif. However, Rashid was an ambitious man and with the passing of the Khalif in 1442, he assumed the title of Sultan of Delhi.

Prince Ali Razzaq, after consultation with the Shah, re-entered the former Delhi lands to claim them from the traitor, Rashid. With few troops and stripped of the Khalif's power, Rashid had little that could stand in the way of the Gujerat Prince. Rashid was captured, quivering in his suite and hiding behind some maidens. Prince Ali bundled him up and sent him west to meet with the new Khalif. It should prove to be an interesting meeting.
Civilized tech 7.

THE SULTANATE OF JAUNPUR
Begarha
DIPLOMACY: Vatsa (nt), Kalanjara (t)
The Sultan took advantage of the confusion in Gujerat to absorb Malwa; he caught them constructing fortresses and had he waited a few more years - he might not have enjoyed the effort. With better leadership and more troops, the outcome was never in doubt. Having destroyed the Malwa army on the plains of Jihjhoti, there was little to defend the rest of the country. The Sultan's army swept all before it. The region of Avanti and the city of Tripuri go neutral - but are hostile to Jaunpur.
Civilized tech 7.

THE SULTANATE OF BENGAL
Vanje
DIPLOMACY: Nadivaria (ea), Manipur (nt), Samatata (nt), Bihar (ne)
Vanje continued conversion of the local Hindu under-class. Tamralipti again increased a level and some merchant shipping was delivered to the Genoese. Vanje made deals with several of the local powers to gain Manipur and Samatata. Conversion efforts in Samatata were slowed due to the presence of a Hindu cathedral in the region. Port fortresses were built in Palas and Maghada to control the major river trade routes through those regions.
Civilized tech 7.

THE HINDU KINGDOM OF ORISSA
Sangramaraja
DIPLOMACY: Satava (t), Kalyani (t)
Sangramaraja continues to court the Moslem princes to the west, expanding the city of Kalyani and bringing stability to the region (hopefully). The city of Kalanjara was also expanded and the court of Samatata agreed to pay tribute to the rising strength of Orissa.
Civilized tech 7.

THE SULTANATE OF MALWA NNN
Ala-ud-din
DIPLOMACY: None
Ala-ud-din prepared for attacks from any quarter - it helped that gold was discovered in Dahala. What didn't help was that the preparations were too late. (See Jaunpur)
Civilized tech 7.

THE FIST OF ALLAH
Firuz Shah
DIPLOMACY: Gujerat (oo), Anhivarta (oe), Ahmadabad (op), Nasik (oe)
Firuz Shah strengthened his power, readying himself for the struggle to come.
Civilized tech 7.

THE BHAKTI BRAHMO SAMAJ
Ramanada
DIPLOMACY: Perak (ca), Kedah (ch), Khemer (ch)
Ramanada expanded his influence in Southeast Asia and countered Buddhist inroads into Samatata, though the real challenge remains stemming the Islamic tide. The Bhakti spent considerable resources on improving the lives of the underclass in Chola.
Civilized tech 7.

THE VIJAYANGAR EMPIRE
Samarajya
DIPLOMACY: Polonarva (f), Belur (t)
Samarajya reorganized his army and raised some new regiments of, well, no one was quite sure. Tanjore increased in size and its walls were rebuilt. The city of Polonarva was brought fully into the Empire while the wilderness region of Belur agreed to pay tribute to the Empire. Trade shipping allotments were redistributed slightly in the hope of making the routes more efficient.
Civilized tech 7.

THE MON KINGDOM OF PEGU
Razadraya
DIPLOMACY: Burma (drops to ea), Shan (nt), Sagaing (nt)
Razadraya modifies the relationship with Burma, granting some level of autonomy. Several interior regions are brought, nominally, under his sway. Manipur is ceded to Bengal. Trade is started with Tibet and expanded with Java. There are nervous rumblings in the countryside as the country moved toward shaking off the shackles of the caste system.
Civilized tech 7.

THE KINGDOM OF CHAMPA
Naraj Sri Harivaraja
DIPLOMACY: None
Naraj deployed his army to meet any outside threat, while the heir concentrated on other duties - like extending the royal line. A very healthy young son was born in the Spring of 1442 to much acclaim and rejoicing. Prince Sanjay was searching for something in Cochin - but all he really did was to disturb the locals and meet some very interesting young ladies.
Civilized tech 7.

THE THAI KINGDOM OF AYUTHIA
Chulongaket, King of the Thai, Guardian of Angkor
DIPLOMACY: Samatata (ceded to Bengal)
Chulongaket makes several deals with the Moslem princes in India: first he ceded Samatata to Bengal for a respectable sum of gold and he trades navigational information with Jaunpur in order to establish trade up the Ganges. The Crown's men were seen scurrying throughout the area searching for something - it was evident by their reactions that they did not find what they were looking for.
Civilized tech 6.

THE MAJAPAHIT KINGDOM OF JAVA
Dapapuru, Nirguna, King of Java
DIPLOMACY: Sabah (ea)
The king was in his counting house counting out his money. Counting it out to the good peoples of Jambi. While much of Darapuru's realm had enjoyed royal largesse, the Jambi had become mildly offended by what they saw as his neglect. A strongly worded petition was submitted to the Javan king pointing out his - and his predecessor's - "oversight". Alerted to their concerns, Darapuru immediately instructed that a series of improvements be undertaken in the region. Further to the north, Acetayah was bearing all the hallmarks of a boomtown. Barely a month went by without the appearance of yet more hastily raised shanties as rumors swept the kingdom of the riches to be had from the new Indian trade. Rumors that were later overshadowed when returning merchants brought with them tales of a strange white people known as the Jee-no-ins. Hailing from lands far across the western seas they were reputed to sail in vessels made of gold, so richly endowed were they in this commodity. Wild tales indeed, but enough to cause a few furrowed brows in the upper reaches of Javan society.

The trusted diplomat, Paparava, died of the fever in Sabah while sealing an economic accord with the hill tribes. Mileto, ordered to investigate the pubs and lower strata of Pajajaran - succumbed of his efforts in late 1443. The young Prince Devarjava followed his mentor's fate a few short months later. Palembang's Hindu population is fast becoming the majority in that region.
Civilized tech 6.

THE EMPIRE OF THE GREAT KHAN
Henghis Khan
DIPLOMACY: Oriot (ea), Kerait (f)
The Khan, again took the family youngsters out to conduct family business (slave raiding), while projects continue in Yensey, and Beryat. A city (Novisibirsk) was built around a new fortress in Oriot; this action helped cement the economic ties between the Khan's court and the Oriot. The Kerait ally agreed to bring his standard within the Khan's inner circle.

The Heir, Arkan, died unexpectedly in the winter of 1441, leaving the young lad, Hinzu, to rule at home well the Khan conducted his recruiting tour (slave raids) to the west.
Civilized tech 6.

MING EMPIRE OF CHINA
Yu Quain
DIPLOMACY: Bao Ding (ea), Chinling (f), Kansu (f), Lingtung (f), Yen-Ching (f)
Jingtai ponders the plight of the Ming and with the consent of the Holy One lays plans for the founding of the Shao Lin Sect to support the holy one and the cause of Buddhists around the area. Many improvements are made to improve the flow of information throughout the land, as well as, yet more cultivation, sewers and improvements for the Ming Peoples. To discourage bandits and the possible spillover of the increasing conflict in the south fortresses are built to protect the people and their way of life. Jingtai surveyed the lands and laid the final plans to bring all the regions firmly into the realm.

Before he could see the fruits of his labors, he suddenly grew ill and died within a fortnight. Yu Quain was out of the capitol, but the administrators remain loyal the Ming Dynasty and heralded the rise of the new Emperor.
Civilized tech 7.

TEIKOKU NIPPON
Yamana Goto, Emperor of Japan
DIPLOMACY: Shikoku (a), Saga (f)
Yamana Goto had the city of Edo expanded as well as had additional projects constructed in Kwanto. He arranged for a marriage for his son, Dozen Goto, with a young maiden from Saga, which helped bring that region fully into the Empire. In addition, the leaders of Shikoku signed an agreement, which made them full allies to the Empire.
Civilized tech 7.

THE GORYEO KINGDOM
Hong-Suk
DIPLOMACY: Mantap (ea), Mudan (ea)
Hong-Suk invests in public works projects in his homeland and saves for the future.
Civilized tech 6.

TIBET
Kar'mha
DIPLOMACY: Honan (ab), Szechwan (mn), Kueichou (mn), Cheju'Do (ch)
Tsong pulls his clerks back from the former Burmese capitol and levies a tithe on Pegu. He then retires to his chambers to meditate, never to emerge again. Kar'mha, building an abbey in Honan, rushes back to Tibet to assume the mantle. Meanwhile, leaving Nan Chao to head for Pegu and Burma to established churches throughout the region. He did not survive the trek across the mountains. Lou Sang oversaw the construction on Monasteries in Szechwan and Koueichou, while Chukunder Ghos ventures to far off Cheju'Do to establish a small church. Efforts to convert the Hindus of Samatata were unsuccessful, due to a strong Bhakti presence.
Civilized tech 6.

THE MARINID Khalifate
Khalifah Taymullah, Amir Al-Mu'mineen, Amir al-Mujahidin (The Righteous Successor of Mohammad, Leader of the Believers, Commander of those who Strive in the Way of Allah)
DIPLOMACY: Ghana (mn), Sudan (mn), Palas (ch), Malabar (ch)
Othman breathed a heavy sigh. From his hand to the tabletop dropped the latest in a long list of proofs of Ottoman treacheries. How many Christian leaders had forwarded him letters from the Turks, begging their assistance in this plot or that one each one against Islam? The evil Sulieman, counted a heretic even by his fellow Christians, had long attempted plots against the Syrians but the Wise were agreed, this was too much. How could he blame the Syrians for their righteous anger? Or their need to defend themselves? Did Sulieman think to find the Ummah unprepared, or not in the warm favor of the Lord? He thought of the scripture:

Remember how the Unbelievers plot against thee, to keep thee in bonds, or slay thee, or get thee out of thy home. They plot and plan, and God too plans; but the best of planners is God. The Unbelievers spend their wealth to hinder man from the path of God, and so will they continue to spend; but in the end they will have only regrets and sighs; at length they will be overcome: and the Unbelievers will be gathered together to Hell.

With a terrible frown below his shining eyes Othman ordered Mujahidin troops to Syria. It surprised no one when he said that Abu al-Banna would command them, though a few eyes were raised when Othman said that he would accompany them and his son Abd al-Hagg would be second in command to al-Banna.

Abu al-Banna's army (over 4,000 men, 1,000 horse, and 48 cannon) made it's way to Antioch in Aleppo. Othman gave a long speech to the army and the assembled ‘cityfolk’, capped off by the following note of particular interest:

Othman then travels on Abu al-Banna's campaign with the Syrians (See Syria)

Taymullah sails to Mahidia and spends a few years in residence at the Great Mosque, while speaking as a guest lecturer at the university. A common theme of his sermons is the Judgment laid upon Christians of this day for their refusal to follow the true Faith of Abraham, and in his first he issues a statement to the warring lords of Europe:

Taymullah's lectures at the university are something else. Over four years he gives a stunning set of dissertations on law, ethics, and the ideal society, all based on the Islamic fundamentalism of Pure Monotheism. Students pack the hall to hear these lectures, and some of the students look a little old and sheepish.

In India, the long-winded Rashi d al-Azim opens talks with Mahmud Shah of Gujerat over the annexation of Delhi territory. Eventually Mahmud breaks down, and agrees to hand over Chitor and Uttar Pradesh. He also confesses to the assassination attempt on the former King of Naples, several purse snatchings, and a string of highway robberies near Ghent. Anything to get Rashid to shut up! Unable to find a worthy heir to Delhi's throne, Rashid announces Khalifate administration of the Delhi Protectorate, including the regions of Tarain, Chitor, Uttar Pradesh, and Vatsa. Gujerat, gathered in Tarain makes a special plea for cooperation to survivors of the attack. Rashid grants administration of Vatsa to Jaunpur to ease the burden of government. He also grants the Fists the administration of the region of Chitor as a fief. In lectures at a local university, Rashid makes cautionary statements concerning Syrian expansion in India. He sees to the building of mosques in Palas and Malabar, then joins Bashshar preaching in Vatsa. Then word came of the Kalifah's death. (See Gujerat)

In Mali, Hakim expands mosques in Ghana and Sudan, and preaches to the people of Garou.
Renaissance tech 8.

THE HAFSID SULTANATE
Bourguiba
DIPLOMACY: Mecca (nt)
Bourguiba, fearing his people were growing soft with European decadence - and convinced by Ottoman gold, launched a treacherous attack on the Syrians. Having gathered his forces, he moved east with 30,000 cavalry and arrived at the Nile in the Fall of 1441. Clearly, the Syrians thought they were merely conducting field maneuvers, for they did not react at all.

Crossing the Nile in the face of a fairly extensive line of forts proved to be more of a chore than first expected. It took over six months the finally crush the border defenses and then it was a vicious looting spree into the interior. The Sultan was quite surprised by the lack of lootable materials, obviously the Syrians were hiding their riches closer to home. Disappointed again by the walls around Q'arum, the Tunisians moved into the Sinai and on to the Levant. Here the "looting" spree continued with even less available loot than in Mansura.

Fearing he would have trouble keeping his disappointed troops in line, he avoided the Holy City of Jerusalem and retired back to Egypt.
Renaissance tech 8.

THE MALI EMPIRE OF SONGHAY
Ahmed, Servant of Allah
DIPLOMACY: Khalem (ea)
Naseem orders slave raids to start up again, working the regions of Adawara, Adwaghost, Jenne, Kurfei, Mossi, Bani, and Tusyam. The slaves and gold taken from those regions were used to build public works in Sudan and Segu. The Princess Darinda was offered to the pagan lords of Khalem, convincing them that an economic treaty was worth their consideration. Efforts were made to convert the local tribes of Garou to Islam. Late in 1444, Naseem suffered a fatal seizure and died a day later. The young lad, Ahmed, who had just been risen to Heir, now found himself Emperor. All prayed for Allah's guidance and deliverance.
Civilized tech 6.

THE KINGDOM OF KANEM
Boyoma, Mai of the Kanem
DIPLOMACY: Kam (ea), Kano (t), Kreda (t)
Boyoma concentrated on the welfare of his people, improving living conditions in the countryside throughout Kanem.
Civilized tech 6.

HAUSALAND
Shawasata, Magajiya of Daura
DIPLOMACY: None
Shawasata increased to size of Abomey and invested in improving the lives of the rural tribes.
Civilized tech 6.

THE KINGDOM OF ABYSSINIA
Saul
DIPLOMACY: Machuta (f)
Mathias gathers his troops and vows to eject the Iberians from East Africa. Unfortunately, he would not live to see the success of his venture. Saul assumed command of the eastern forces and marched into the desert of Ghebel-Gharib, sweeping the province clear of all Iberians and their proxies. The defending fortress had been unkept and was easily taken. Other Coptic forces swept into undefended Faiyum, taking both the province and the city of Cairo. The Abyssinian government instruments are straining to maintain this vast new empire.
Civilized tech 7.

THE BAKONGO KINGDOM
Oduduma, King of Bakongo
DIPLOMACY: None
Oduduma continued his cultivation project and works on expanding his "urban" population.
Civilized tech 4. No cavalry.

THE KINGDOM OF THE MWANA-MUTAPHA
Iskanta, King of Rozwi
DILPOMACY: Shona (c), Banhine (t), Matabele (fa), Sofala (fa, then, nt)
Changmire gathers his army and orders the raiding and looting of Melela. He sends his son, Chang, to Sofala to seek a diplomatic solution for the city's political future. Chang gains the hand of the daughter of the most powerful family in the city. Chang died a year later, at a banquet in his honor. The city elders still recognized the King's authority, but not much else.

Meanwhile, to the north, Changmire was partying in the region of Melela, when some locals took exception to his conduct and ambushed him. His general, Islanta, responded immediately, but it was too late. He now found himself with the nation's army and both the King and Heir dead. What was a good general supposed to do – Ahah! Arriving back in the homeland, he order the arrest and murder of all of the remaining royal family and installed a new royal family - his.
Civilized tech 4. No cavalry.

THE MISSISSIPPI EMPIRE
Sequoiya, Son of the Sun
DIPLOMACY: Yamasee (f), Kolomoki (f), Tamaulipec (nt)
Sequoiya orders slave raids into the former Creek lands, claiming that the inhabitants of the provinces of Cheraw and Creek had insulted their former king. They had ignored their king's decision to merge the Creek Death Cult with the Mississippi Empire. This in turn was an insult to the Empire. Tlakael was to take the veteran Stalkers and Woodrunner Regiments along with the newly raised Red and Black Fox Regiments and ravage their lands. Meanwhile Tecumseh was to take the Michigamea, Rabbit, Blue Heron and Forester Regiments to the south and begin preparations for dealing with the rebels of Coahuiltec. Navigational information is traded with strangers to the far south (Aztecs). The Sun was not shining on the Son of the Sun, try as he might, he sired no children. Yamasee (and Kolomoki) turned a blind eye to the plight of their fellow Creek, becoming full members of the Empire.
Pre-Columbian. No cavalry.

THE SEQUOIA NATION
Growling Bear
DIPLOMACY: Shimmering Air (t)
Growling Bear saw to it that the village of Shimmering Air was brought back into the fold. Growling bear and his son, Sleeping Bear, both devoted considerable efforts to extend their family line; Growling Bear was successful, siring a fragile daughter in what will be known as 1441 and a son in 1444. Sleeping Bear may need to wake-up to get his job done.
Civilized tech 4. No cavalry.

THE TEPANEC HEGEMONY
Xiu Cinteotl
DIPLOMACY: Quiche (f)
Xiu Cinteotl redeploys his military and brings in new friends into his circle. He also orders land trade established with the Aztecs; his trade minister fearing his master's wrath, dared not tell him the two nations had no land border. Instead, he arranged for a nominal route to be established via coastal traffic.
Civilized tech 4. No cavalry.

THE ARAWAK OF THE ISLANDS
Ahabatey
DIPLOMACY: Ciboney (t)
Ahabatey saves for the future.
Barbarian tech 3. No cavalry.

THE AZTECS
Quaklata, the Blood King
DIPLOMACY: Huastec (t), Tepanec (ea)
Matlaccoatzin ordered the slave raids on the old Mixtec provinces of Nahuatl, Huave, and Popoluca to continue while he colonized the region Tepanec. Slaves were used to intensively cultivate Culhua. Navigational information was exchanged with the barbarians from the north, while explorers were sent beyond the Arawak.
Civilized tech 4. No cavalry.

THE MIGHTY INCAN EMPIRE
Yupanqui
DIPLOMACY: Wiarajikira (ea), Caranga (t), Uru (f)
Yupanqui made a serious effort to turn his swords into plows by disbanding several thousand troops and sending home to farm. Uru is now a full member of the Empire, while Caranga and Wiarajikira strengthen ties with Yupanqui.
Civilized tech 5. No cavalry